Shangri-La Hotels

What are the key components of Shangri-La Hotel’s methodology? Which of the five nonexclusive serious systems depicted in Chapter 5 is the organization utilizing? What is Shangri-La’s methodology for contending universally? 2. What strategies, rehearses, emotionally supportive networks, and the executives approaches underlie Shangri-La’s endeavors to execute its system? 3. How significant are the company’s preparing and Shangri-La Care program to its prosperity? What is your evaluation of Shangri-La’s pay strategies and vocation development exertion? What pluses and minuses do you see? . What are the key highlights of the way of life at Shangri-La Hotels? How significant is the way of life in the company’s achievement? Clarify. What effect do the company’s statement of purpose and the Shangri-La Care program have on the company’s culture? 5. What center/unmistakable capabilities has the board at Shangri-La attempted to fabricate and sustain? What difficulties does the organization face as it endeavors to move its center and unmistakable abilities to different societies? How has the organization endeavored to determine these difficulties? Has it been fruitful in doing as such? 6.What does the company’s money related and operational execution uncover about how effective its technique and system usage endeavors have been? Should investors be satisfied with the company’s monetary execution? Why or why not? What budgetary and working execution pluses and minuses do you see? 7. What difficulties does Shangri-La face in venturing into Eastern China? Do you accept the company’s current strategies and working systems will be adequate in tending to these difficulties? Assuming this is the case, why? If not, what else may should be finished? 8. How do the difficulties related with Shangri-La’s venture into Europe,Australia, and North America contrast and the company’s development in China? Do you accept the company’s current approaches and working techniques will be adequate in tending to these difficulties? Assuming this is the case, why? If not, what else may should be finished? 9. How huge a danger does the development of other lodging networks into China present for Shangri-La Hotels? What explicit difficulties are probably going to emerge because of this development? By what means ought to Shangri-La address these difficulties? 10. What suggestions would you make to Symon Bridle to improve Shangri-La’s possibilities for proceeded with progress? Shangri-La Hotels Shangri-La Hotels Contents Background Executive Summary Problem Statement Current Strategy External Environment VRINE Model Internal Analysis TOWS Analysis Value Chain Analysis Key Success Factors Alternatives Recommendations Implementation Plan Prologue Appendices Background Hong Kong-based Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts is Asia Pacific's driving lavish inn gathering and viewed as one of the world’s best lodging possession and the executives organizations. The Shangri-La story started in 1971 with its first select lodging in Singapore. Today, there areâ 71 lodgings and resorts all through Asia Pacific, North America, the Middle East, and Europe,â representing a room stock of more than 30,000. Also, new inns are being worked on in Austria, Canada, territory China, India, Macau, Philippines, Qatar, Turkey and United Kingdom. Official Summary The motivation behind this report is to give a key examination of Shangri-La Hotels and its quickly growing business of lavish lodgings into Eastern China, Europe, North America, and Australia; while as yet clutching Shangri-La’s signature gauges of â€Å"Shangri-La Hospitality. My investigation underpins the suggestion that Shangri-La lodgings have the necessary assets, mastery and efficiencies to effectively venture into these business sectors even with the tight work markets and tremendous social contrasts Problem Statement Shangri-La Hotels is endeavoring to extend its business into different nations; in any case, venturing into high-wage economies’, for ex ample, Europe and North America could discolor their image and lead to a decreased generally benefit. Current Strategy External Analysis PESTEL Analysis Political †little effect in Canada, anyway outside organizations may confine exchange or force taxes, in this manner expanding costs. Organized commerce may help or impede organizations. Great tax collection or appropriations in different nations may help contenders. Financial †Collectivity stage and expecting to appoint (promoting). Loan fees, money variances and joblessness are factors. Social and Cultural †Foreign enthusiasm for items could be a trend. Favorable position is quality. Innovative †improved creation/bundling innovation required Environmental-could concentrate on recyclable, reusable bundling. Legitimate Foreign deals may require changes or between common deals may bring about submitting to different commonplace guidelines. | Test| Competitive Implication| Performance Implication| Valuable| Does the asset or ability permit the firm to satisfy a market need or shield the firm from showcase uncertainties| The item itself doesn’t shield the firm from vulnerabilities. The promoting idea of a solid item, beguiling PEI and credible ‘goodness’ is the serious edge. Securing the marked picture and advancement is significant in supporting the market position and expanding this position. | Rare| Assuming the asset or capacity is important, is it scant comparative with request? Or then again is it broadly controlled by most competitors| The safeguard item can be duplicated. Strawberry jam has the most interest and flexibly satisfies need in N America. One of a kind item consolidating high organic product substance and mixers. | Product is effectively replicated; co nsequently it is imperative to separate from the opposition with utilization of explicit equations of fixings to have an exceptional taste. Matchless and non substitutable| Assuming an important and uncommon asset how troublesome is it for contenders to either mirror the asset or capacity or substitute for it with different assets and abilities that achieve comparable benefits| Preserve asset isn't uncommon. The way of life of home made characteristic picture in the PEI setting is the irregularity and could be subbed however countered with its unique/credible brand. | Product is effectively replicated, so esteem must be in bundling/picture/advertising claim. Exploitable| For each arrangement of the first steps of the VRINE test, can the firm really misuse the assets and abilities that it possesses or controls? | One asset that the organization approaches is the new natural product inside the locale, accordingly there is the potential that the Company could corner the organic product advertise in the zone. | Product is effortlessly created with access to organic product in the region. | Internal Analysis Functional Analysis Production Marketing Human Resources Finance Value Chain Analysis TOWS Analysis | From External Analysis| Opportunities1. New national and worldwide markets/customers2. Custom creation to use save capacity3. Japanese the travel industry and marketplace4. Potential to tailor items to customers in each land region| Threats:1. Expected contestants/replacements guaranteeing PEI origin2. Duties on sends out make the item a less serious price3. Work serious and occasional work 4. Noteworthy cash vacillations can obstruct exporting| From InternalAnalysis| Strengths:1. Quality item drawing in premium pricing2. PEI ethnicity and charm3. Ideal assessment status in Cda4. Expanded deals and worldwide interest5. New neighborhood produce not requiring cargo and capacity costs6. Quality staff with low turnover. | SO methodologies (use qualities to exploit opportunities)Increasing deals across Canada will advance PEI, bring about ideal duty status versus imported items and subsequently increment/improve competivenessJapanese market can be tapped with Japanese the travel industry in Canada (Vancouver/Toronto) without acquiring the restrictive multi levels of duties and tolls. Extension would incorporate distinctive land areas as well as incorporates the possibility to use quality staff consistently, instead of just seasonallyPromote organization culture| ST Strategies (use points of interest of qualities to defeat threats)PEI validness and premium gourmet item with explicit promoting features to eclipse contenders replacements. Offering to vacationers inside Canada, with no GST/PST or taxes makes the item progressively appealing Selling broadly lessens cargo/delivering harms and more stock control | Weaknesses1. Promoting plan2. Eatery business weakens center business3. Occasional business4. Underutilized capacity5. Management’s absence of involvement with development management| WO techniques (use chances to defeat weaknesses)Custom creation, extension of offering to new markets/clients and successful advertising plan can use the unused limit and even out the occasional idea of the business Outsource canning, pressing †research choices with ecological/reuse benefits| WT procedures (utilize cautious methodologies to limit shortcomings and maintain a strategic distance from dangers) Targeted showcasing plan and deals operator to recognize the spot and advancement of the 4P’s to extend deals and deals blend. Expanded deals and creation would require full time staff and lessen irregularity which would build capacity to hold quality staff. | Key Success Factors Alternatives 1. Genius Con 2. Star Con 3. Master Con Recommendation Implementation Plan Short-Term Long-Term Prologue According to the SHANGRI-LA ASIA money related reports for 2006 through 2009 the Asian division has had an expanding total compensation except for 2008. Demonstrating that Shangri-La has been an achievement in Asia, even with the venture into the Chinese market. Reference sections Bargaining Power of Suppliers Substitute Products Bargaining Power of Buyers Threats of new participants Contenders Airbus/Boeing CCCComCompetitAIRBUS/Boeing Airlines Leasing organizations Governmental establishments FAA, IATA, EPA Other re

Essay Cyber Bullying A New Form Of Bullying Essay Example For Students

Paper Cyber Bullying : A New Form Of Bullying Essay The far reaching utilization of electronic correspondence has offered ascend to another type of harassing, occurring in the internet. In its customary sense, tormenting can be characterized as a hostile, purposeful and rehashed conduct of a gathering or a person against a casualty who can't safeguard oneself. Digital tormenting is likewise an intentional and rehashed conduct however it happens web based, utilizing electronic types of contact, for example, mobile phones, messages, and person to person communication applications or destinations. The accessibility of the Internet and the expanding ubiquity of interpersonal organizations, alongside the appearing secrecy of connections make digital harassing the prevailing tormenting structure among present day young people today. The most well known types of digital harassing are seen through instant messages, pictures and recordings, messages, and texts. Despite the fact that digital tormenting doesn't happen up close and personal it has outcomes that are similarly as genuine as those of conventional harassing. The detachment of the person in question, suicides, or even genuine mental issue are for the most part potential and generally detailed results of digital tormenting. While computerized animosities may appear to be milder than conventional harassing, the repercussions for the casualties can be similarly as extreme if not far more atrocious because of the way that digital tormenting is a lot harder to get away and less noticeable to onlookers, in this way making it increasingly hard to intercede. Digital harassing is a far reaching developing issue that is affecting children and young people every day across the nation. In the event that guardians and teachers need to end it, they have to comprehend what causes digital tormenting to happen. As indicated by Gordon, there are 8 primary reasons why kids digital domineering jerk ea ch other, the first being that the kid is roused by retribution. Children who were victi. .ts, remarks, messages, or pictures posted online until the end of time. Digital harassing likewise goes unnoticed by guardians or school teachers since it isn't going on straightforwardly before them. They don't have a similar degree of mechanical information as youngsters do. This causes keeping to up with teenagers online almost outlandish. Pity and misery, low confidence, self-destructive considerations, and inconvenience centering and staying aware of school are for the most part reactions or results that originate from digital harassing. With these feelings coming about because of being focused through digital harassing, it is significant that safeguard estimates keep on being executed all through the study hall. Because of the way that digital tormenting is a lot harder to get away and is less noticeable to onlookers, its repercussions for the casualty can be similarly as extreme if not much more dreadful than conventional harassing. (Word tally: 2582)

The Rainbow Lounge

The Rainbow Lounge Back in the day (TM) when I was a prefrosh participating in the awesomeness that is Campus Preview Weekend, I noticed an event in my 500 page calendar called Rainbow Lounge Open House. I had no idea what that meant. Perhaps you are as sheltered and/or clueless as me, so Ill break it down for you. The rainbow is the symbol of the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) Community, so the Rainbow Lounge at MIT is the home to the Institutes various LGBT student groups and support staff. More loftily (and according to the sign outside the door): Through the establishment of the Rainbow Lounge the MIT students, staff, faculty and guests strive to: provide a safe space for the MIT LBGTQ community, including allies achieve a better sense of community with its cross-cultural perspectives educate about gender issues, safe sex, and LBGT-related topics present resources available at MIT and in the surrounding community encourage participation of allies and friends provide a comfortable space for meetings, relaxation, learning and social interaction The MIT Rainbow Lounge exists as a place and a home for all people lgbt, questioning, allies friends to feel comfortable about themselves, while learning and sharing with others. The entrance to the Rainbow Lounge has a big collection of those informative booklets for anyone to take, and posters about various LGBT events that are going on around campus. (By the way, as you can tell from the number in the photo above, the room is in the basement and doesnt have the greatest lighting- so I apologize for the quality of the photos. I did the best I could, but hey, Im not Yan.) The Rainbow Lounge has a whole bunch of resources for students. There are two full-time staff members who are around to talk to students, plan events, and generally hang out. Theres also a reading room with a huge collection of LGBT related books and movies. Any student is welcome to sign up for lending privileges and borrow any of these materials for a few days at a time. Theres even a small kitchen which is useful for things like making PBJ sandwiches during movie nights. The Rainbow Lounge, just like the Center for Health Promotion and Wellness (who are totally cool people, btw), also functions as a resource for safe sex information and materials (like free condoms). The main room is used for club meetings, informal gatherings, movie nights, and occasional special events, like movie screenings, discussions, or last weeks Make Your Own LGBT Valentines. As the name suggests, the room is very colorful. Also, those couches are seriously comfy. One of the most well-known projects to come out of the Rainbow Lounge is the You Are Welcome Here campaign. (Money Man has blogged about this before. The idea behind the campaign is this: any member of the MIT community who would like to participate can get a copy of a small slip of paper, about the size of an index card, to place on their office door. The stack of you are welcome here cards in the Rainbow Lounge. The presence of one of these cards on a door indicates that those behind the door are friendly to and supportive of LGBT people and causes. I see these cards everywhere, so to demonstrate their ubiquity, I took a camera with me on a brief trip around campus and compiled a bunch of photos. This is by no means anything approaching a comprehensive list, but possibly a representative sample? (Does it matter that I was lazy and never made it up a staircase?) So, who are all of these people who went through the trouble to stick one of these cards on their doors? From left to right and top to bottom: the staff at the Career Development Center, Chris Colombo, the Dean for Student Life and Kim Vandiver, the Dean for Undergraduate Research (also the Director of the Edgerton Center and my 2.009 instructor), Professor Gibson (from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, according to the MIT people search), Steven Lerman, the Vice Chancellor and Dean for Graduate Education, the people in room 10-183 (whoever they are, they are apparently LGBT-friendly!), and me (I grabbed a copy for my dorm room door while in the Rainbow Lounge to take photos). And of course I know the [emailprotected] category is.basically empty right now, so if anyone has any questions that might inspire some content for that page, send em this way. EDIT: This blog entry is not about tolerance or intolerance, or justifying or glorifying or encouraging or discouraging anything. Its about providing interested people with factual information about life at MIT. Obviously I have presented the facts with a bit of my own personality interwoven, because this is a blog and not an encyclopedia. However, the fact remains that this is not about whether anything is right or wrong. Some of you started a discussion about LGBT issues in general, and Im ashamed to say that it got quite ugly on both sides. It did not want to have to do this, but I have deleted all of the comments from this discussion, and I will delete and future comments that reopen the argument. Please feel free to continue commenting on the content of the blog entry, asking questions etc, but I will delete any future comments that make judgments or are in any way uncivil. There are plenty of places on the internet where interested parties can have such arguments. This is not o ne of them. Post Tagged #LGBTQ+

The Rainbow Lounge

The Rainbow Lounge Back in the day (TM) when I was a prefrosh participating in the awesomeness that is Campus Preview Weekend, I noticed an event in my 500 page calendar called Rainbow Lounge Open House. I had no idea what that meant. Perhaps you are as sheltered and/or clueless as me, so Ill break it down for you. The rainbow is the symbol of the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) Community, so the Rainbow Lounge at MIT is the home to the Institutes various LGBT student groups and support staff. More loftily (and according to the sign outside the door): Through the establishment of the Rainbow Lounge the MIT students, staff, faculty and guests strive to: provide a safe space for the MIT LBGTQ community, including allies achieve a better sense of community with its cross-cultural perspectives educate about gender issues, safe sex, and LBGT-related topics present resources available at MIT and in the surrounding community encourage participation of allies and friends provide a comfortable space for meetings, relaxation, learning and social interaction The MIT Rainbow Lounge exists as a place and a home for all people lgbt, questioning, allies friends to feel comfortable about themselves, while learning and sharing with others. The entrance to the Rainbow Lounge has a big collection of those informative booklets for anyone to take, and posters about various LGBT events that are going on around campus. (By the way, as you can tell from the number in the photo above, the room is in the basement and doesnt have the greatest lighting- so I apologize for the quality of the photos. I did the best I could, but hey, Im not Yan.) The Rainbow Lounge has a whole bunch of resources for students. There are two full-time staff members who are around to talk to students, plan events, and generally hang out. Theres also a reading room with a huge collection of LGBT related books and movies. Any student is welcome to sign up for lending privileges and borrow any of these materials for a few days at a time. Theres even a small kitchen which is useful for things like making PBJ sandwiches during movie nights. The Rainbow Lounge, just like the Center for Health Promotion and Wellness (who are totally cool people, btw), also functions as a resource for safe sex information and materials (like free condoms). The main room is used for club meetings, informal gatherings, movie nights, and occasional special events, like movie screenings, discussions, or last weeks Make Your Own LGBT Valentines. As the name suggests, the room is very colorful. Also, those couches are seriously comfy. One of the most well-known projects to come out of the Rainbow Lounge is the You Are Welcome Here campaign. (Money Man has blogged about this before. The idea behind the campaign is this: any member of the MIT community who would like to participate can get a copy of a small slip of paper, about the size of an index card, to place on their office door. The stack of you are welcome here cards in the Rainbow Lounge. The presence of one of these cards on a door indicates that those behind the door are friendly to and supportive of LGBT people and causes. I see these cards everywhere, so to demonstrate their ubiquity, I took a camera with me on a brief trip around campus and compiled a bunch of photos. This is by no means anything approaching a comprehensive list, but possibly a representative sample? (Does it matter that I was lazy and never made it up a staircase?) So, who are all of these people who went through the trouble to stick one of these cards on their doors? From left to right and top to bottom: the staff at the Career Development Center, Chris Colombo, the Dean for Student Life and Kim Vandiver, the Dean for Undergraduate Research (also the Director of the Edgerton Center and my 2.009 instructor), Professor Gibson (from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, according to the MIT people search), Steven Lerman, the Vice Chancellor and Dean for Graduate Education, the people in room 10-183 (whoever they are, they are apparently LGBT-friendly!), and me (I grabbed a copy for my dorm room door while in the Rainbow Lounge to take photos). And of course I know the [emailprotected] category is.basically empty right now, so if anyone has any questions that might inspire some content for that page, send em this way. EDIT: This blog entry is not about tolerance or intolerance, or justifying or glorifying or encouraging or discouraging anything. Its about providing interested people with factual information about life at MIT. Obviously I have presented the facts with a bit of my own personality interwoven, because this is a blog and not an encyclopedia. However, the fact remains that this is not about whether anything is right or wrong. Some of you started a discussion about LGBT issues in general, and Im ashamed to say that it got quite ugly on both sides. It did not want to have to do this, but I have deleted all of the comments from this discussion, and I will delete and future comments that reopen the argument. Please feel free to continue commenting on the content of the blog entry, asking questions etc, but I will delete any future comments that make judgments or are in any way uncivil. There are plenty of places on the internet where interested parties can have such arguments. This is not o ne of them. Post Tagged #LGBTQ+

Jodi Arias - 1164 Words

Jodi Arias: Admitted Killer Topic: Jodi Arias General Purpose: Informing about the Murder Case Specific Purpose: I want to inform everyone on Jodi Ariass background, the murder incident, and her fate. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Some of you may have heard of a woman named Jodi Arias who killed her ex-boyfriend Travis Alexander on ABC News, Nancy Grace, or some mainstream news reporting shows. One thing I can say about learning this case is that you need to be careful about who you choose to lay in bed with at night or who you date because looks, emotions, and physical attraction can be deceiving. It doesnt matter how innocent someone looks or how fast you two connect, there could be an axe murder penned up inside of them.†¦show more content†¦Until she told him that they were from a restaurant she bartended at called Margaritaville which later court found was a lie and that there was no such restaurant in the area. C. Main Point III: Discovery June 9, 2008, Traviss group of friends came over to look for him and found him deceased in his bedroom shower. They called 9-1-1 and explained what they had found. Traviss body was found stabbed nearly 30 times, slit in the throat nearly decapitating him, and shot in the head. Transition- Everyone was shocked but most of Traviss friends knew it was Jodi. IV. Body III. A. Main Point I: Friends turned in Jodi When his friends called 9-1-1, they told the authorities that Travis had been complaining about Jodi stalking him, slashing his tires, and hacking his Facebook which then made her the culprit. B. Main Point II: Traviss last blog Two weeks before the murder, his last blog said This type of dating is like a very long interview. Desperately trying to find out if my date has an axe murderer penned up inside of her. I assumed that would come from either paranoia of dating other girls, after he saw what Jodi became when they had broken up. Or it could have been that he was talking about Jodi herself and referring to her stalkerish, jealous, and out-of-control behavior. Transition: Travis had amazing family and friends who demanded justice . V. Body IV. A. Main Point I. The fate of Jodi Arias AsShow MoreRelatedJodi Arias Trial Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of the Homicide Trial of Jodi Arias By Robert Davis Professor Lauren Burke CCJS 100 6382 University of Maryland University College March 8, 2013 â€Æ' Robert Davis Professor Burke CCJS 100 March 8, 2013 Analysis of the Homicide Trial of Jodi Arias The criminal justice system ensures the safety and protection of society from criminal offenders. The process of the criminal justice system begins when a criminal offense is reported to law enforcement officials. 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They were aRead MoreThe Pain Of The Death Penalty1435 Words   |  6 Pagesrequires a long and complex judicial process for capital cases. (Death Penalty Focus).† The Associated Press reported back in 2009 that contrary to popular belief, it is actually cheaper to imprison murders for life rather than to execute them. Jodi Arias. That is a name that most of Arizona knows, and she is a prime example of how the costly a death penalty case can be. As of January 27, 2014 Arizona taxpayers had already paid 2.2 million dollars and although she has already been convicted of first-degree

The Assessment Of A Community s Decision For Real Initiative

According to Monmonier (1996), those who do have Internet and GIS accessibility face the potential to be placed in a vulnerable position. He believes that the public who is â€Å"armed with a GIS but lacking the savvy to use the system appropriately becomes vulnerable to sarcastic attacks from site advocates†. Meaning, that a community’s opinion may not be taken seriously or may be misrepresented in the eyes of policymakers because the people in that community may not be using the GIS software correctly, therefore they do not comprehend the data that is being presented to them in a GIS platform. This connects to another complication, that the general public may not have the basic training requirements needed to properly understand GIS software. Referring back to Carver, et al (2001), one of the issues they encountered during the observation of the Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation’s Planning for Real initiative was a general lack of familiarity with GIS so ftware, especially from older age groups of manual trade. The solution to these issues cannot be resolved in a short period of time as these are mainly socio-economic complications, however, attainable solutions are present. As far as GIS comprehensive, this will become less of an issue as more people become familiar with using computers and maps through work and education (Carver et al, 2001). As mentioned earlier in Baker’s (2005) article, strides are being made to teach K-12 students Web GIS, for digital learningShow MoreRelatedHealth Impact Assessment : The Health Of A Population And The Distribution Of Those Effects1342 Words   |  6 Pagesprovides recommendations on monitoring and managing those effects (Health Impact Assessment, 2015)† Healthcare providers counsel their patients on ways to keep in good physical health. Similarly, Health Impact Assessments (HIA) offers the same guidance to communities. This information helps societies make educated choices about refining public health by means of community planning. HIA is a method that aids in assessments of the possible health effects of an idea, assignment or program before it isRead MoreThe Current Structure Of The America s Educational System954 Words   |  4 Pagesreform can real progress be made. 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Mark, was running late that morning, when he identifies a spill on the floor, his decision would either assist keep the environment safe by taking a moment to call the environmental services team while guarding the area to avoid falls or assume someone walking near the spill will see and avoid stepping on it. Every day will encounter opportunities for decision making that work to either improve or hinder patient care (GCU, n.d). If Mark fails to report, he would lock inRead MoreThe Incident Of The Local Authority Have Been Tirelessly Working With The Parents Of A Three Year Old Girl1359 Words   |  6 Pagesprofessional advice and instructions stipulating the father be disallowed any form of contact with the child until a risk assessment established if the father was safe. Disregarding guidance heightened risk that the child could be subjected to physical and/or emotional harm, including the child potentially getting harmed in the event of any parental altercation. 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Comparing Hobbes and Lockes Theories on Nature - 1224 Words

Two books that I am going to be drawing information from for my paper are Hobbes’ â€Å"Leviathan† and Locke’s â€Å"Two Treatises of Government.† This essay will be focusing on the differences between Hobbes’ and Locke’s ideas on the state of nature. One of the biggest, and in my opinion most important points that makes Hobbes different from Locke is his belief that the state of nature is equal to the state of war. Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, who lived between 1588 and 1679. He witnessed multiple events throughout his life that later led him to write his book â€Å"Leviathan,† in 1651 once the war had ended. Hobbes witnessed the English Civil War (1642-1651), the interregnum period of England starting in 1649, and the hardest of them†¦show more content†¦(Hobbes PAGE NUMBER)† After that Hobbes goes on to say, â€Å"The life of man is solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short.† (Hobbes) He argues that nothing is unjust in the state of nature. He believes that everyone has the right to do anything he/she wants because in the state of nature, there is no right or wrong and there is no law; everyone can do everything and nothing can be unjust. He says that â€Å" Where there is no common power, no law; where no law, no injustice.† (Hobbes) So all in all with Hobbes, he believes that all people are equal, therefore no power over the others in the state can be established. Everyone is the enemy to everyone else, therefore, no on can secure himself/herself, there is no property, and nothing is unjust. So overall, Hobbes state of nature is very pessimistic and is not a place to survive. Locke’s idea of the state of nature is that everyone is equal to everyone. He states that, â€Å"the state of nature is also the state of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another..† (Locke) Locke however, does not think that this leads the people to war. He thinks that the state of nature is NOT equal to the state of war, but there is a chance of it becoming the state of war. He says that the person who committed the crime against a certain person puts himself in the state of war with thatShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political Society. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s views of the state of nature and the fundamental purpose of political society. Whose view is the more plausible? Why? Introduction Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from those

A Study of a Dionysiac Sarcophagus Essay Example For Students

A Study of a Dionysiac Sarcophagus Essay In the Los Angeles County Art Museum a man dies. He winds his way down into the underworld to reach the banks of the river Acheron where he meets the ferryman Charon. He takes a coin from his mouth to pay the toll across. On the opposite bank he is greeted by a Maenad or perhaps Bacchus himself who offers him a kylix of wine. Drinking deep, the man is transformed and resurrected from death to a higher plane. Instead of living a miserable dream in the underworld he receives redemption from his god Dionysos, the Savior. In Roman imperial times there was a great resurgence of the Mystery cults of Greece fueled by the hope of a life after death. In funerary monuments there can be seen the tenets of the religion as well as how it views the afterlife. Within the Los Angeles County Art Museum stands such a vessel created to facilitate this journey to eternal bliss. A gift from William Randolph Hearst, the piece is a sarcophagus from the Severan period of the Roman empire near the end of the second century detailing a procession of Dionysos, the god of wine, and his followers. Such a procession could be from Dionysoss messianic journeys or from his triumphal return from spreading the wine cult. Originally in the mausoleum of a wealthy family in Rome, the sarcophagus was in later times used as a planter for a flower bedMatz, 3. This misuse of the piece explains the deterioration of the marble which necessitated extensive restoration in the 17th century4. It is tub shaped with dimensions of 2. 1 meters long and 1 meter wide, standing 0. 6 meters from the ground. The shape is similar to tubs used for trampling grapes which had spouts ornamented with lions heads to vent the wine3. Being shaped like a wine vat makes the sarcopagi a transformative force in its own right by symbolically turning the person interned within into wine ! bringing him closer to the god. Unlike other sarcophagi of the period the back of this piece has not been left unhewn, but instead a strigal pattern of repeating S shapes has been carved, suggesting that the piece may have stood in the center of the mausoleum. Unlike other more famous and elaborate Dionysiac sarcophagi, such as the Seasons sarcophagi and the Triumph of Dionysos in Baltimore which portray specific pivotal events in the mythos of Dionysos, this piece gives us instead a somewhat generic slice of Bacchic lifeMatz, 5. The style and portrayal of the figures, of course, predate the Roman empire; sarcophagi of this type were mass produced in shops based on patterns and drawings from Greek artisansAlexander, 46. Dionysos himself is in the center holding his scepter, the thyrsos, in his left hand and pouring wine with his right while riding a panther, a sacred animal closely associated with the godMatz, 4. Flanking him are two lion heads that represent Dionysoss attempts to escape death at the hands of the titans by transforming into a lion, among other animals, which then lead to his death and subsequent rebirthGraves, 103-104. To the right of Dionysos is Silenus, his tutor from his childhood, holding a vessel most likely filled with wine. The presence of Silenus reinforces the cults belief in eternal youth. Next to Silenus is a Maenad, or female raver, playing a flute above Pan the goat god of the forest. Below Pan and the right lion head are two cherubs, one wearing a mask of Silenus while the other rears back in frightMatz, 4. On the left of Dionysos are two satyrs and another smaller image of Pan holding a cup of wine. Further left is another Maenad, this one playing a tambourine, who is being followed by a satyr. .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a , .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .postImageUrl , .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a , .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a:hover , .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a:visited , .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a:active { border:0!important; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a:active , .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8c5e941ace45e31b7c81ffa18ccab6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child abuse EssayBelow the left lion head there is another cherub, or putto, and a young satyr. Rounding out the left side on the end is still another maenad followed by a satyr. On the right end there is a satyr, playing the cymbals, following a half nude maenad. Completing the piece, in the background behind the main figures there are two kidsan animal Dionysos often transformed into, another pan and a small panther. Through looking at the piece we can get some idea of what a gathering of the cult is like for the followers. The practice of the cult was entirely informal when compared to worship in the temples of the sanctioned gods. Unlike worship of the gods of the state-sponsored religion, Bacchic festivals took place outdoors far away from the crowded cities in the forests which harkens back to ancient times before man built temples. When they arrived in the forest, Dionysos gave them herbs, berries, and wild goats to eat and plenty to drinkHamilton, 57. Wine of course was ever present at these gatherings to honor the wine god. Wine was a sacramental representation of the god himself; drinking wine freed the initiate from the restraints of earthly matters to come together with the god through ecstasy which literally translated from the original Greek means outside the bodyMcann, 128. This individualistic nature of communion continually practiced gave the faithful a feeling ! of closeness with the god. The mask of Silenus on one of the putti is a nod to the importance theater played in the cult. The greatest poets of Greece wrote plays honoring Dionysos which were considered sacred to the cult. Both comedies and tragedies were performed, reflecting the dual nature of the god and of wine itselfHamilton, 61. Wine can inspire man to lofty endeavors and merry frolicking, but, it can also turn him into a savage beast. Like the Egyptian god Osiris, Dionysos suffered a violent death by dismemberment. Cult members would honor the god by frenzied dismemberment of bulls and sometimes unfortunate men rent with hands and teeth which were then devoured, symbolically taking Dionysos within themselves. This gruesome ritual, accompanied by loud music and the crashing of cymbals, was intended to propel the reveler even further into a state of ecstasy to achieve a liberation from the body. These rites of sacrament and communion stem from the myths surrounding Dionysos symbolizing his birth, life, death, and rebirth of the god through the eternal renewal of life in the natural world which give the faithful a promise of an eternal existence. Of great significance to the scholar is the window that sarcophagi and other funerary monuments give into the lives as well as the afterlives of the practitioners of the cult. In the case of the Bacchic cult it is especially important in that before the Romans became more open to the emerging prevalence of the cults of the second century little is known of their funerary practices due to the cloak of secrecy surrounding the mystery cult. In fact, the cultists were persecuted by the Roman state religion prior to the acceptance of the rediscovered cults by the aristocratic class as evidenced by increasing number of such sarcophagiLehman, 24,26 In using such sarcophagi containing the portrayal of their faith and creeds, the followers of the cult were assuring themselves divine protection and a faith-ordained afterlife.

Hearst Essay Research Paper William Randolph Hearst free essay sample

Hearst Essay, Research Paper William Randolph Hearst and Citizen Kane Citizen Kane has frequently been considered one the best movie of all time made. This movie is about a struggle between two 20th century icons, the publishing house William Randolph Hearst and the prodigy of his clip, Orson Welles. This film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, but is booted off the phase with lone one award, for Best Screenplay. This was due to the great force per unit area from one of the most powerful work forces in the state, the adult male that Citizen Kane portrayed as a corrupt power hungry adult male, William Randolph Hearst. There is no manner that one can non disregard the striking similarities between Hearst and Kane. Orson Welles included a few inside informations about the immature Kane s life that, anyone with some cognition of Hearst life, would put anyone believing about the newspaper giant s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Hearst Essay Research Paper William Randolph Hearst or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shortly after the movie begins, a newsman is seen seeking to detect the significance of Kane s last words rosebud. This newsman begins his hunt by traveling through the records of Kane s guardian Thatcher. The scene so begins to come to life in the midwinter that takes topographic point at the Kane s house. Kane s female parent has come into one of the richest gold mines in the universe, and at age 25, Kane will inherit this 60 million dollar luck. His female parent becomes dubious of the instruction system in Colorado ; hence she decides to direct her boy to analyze with Thatcher. Hearst s parents came by their money through gold mines, so both Kane and Hearst were raised with aureate spoon in their oral cavities. Kane is devoted to his female parent as Hearst was similarly to that. Both work forces pay attentiveness to their female parents wants while their male parents seem to be less powerful and were non every bit influential as their female parents. Kane s deceasing word, the name of his childhood sled Rosebud, is a town 20 stat mis east of where the Hearst s parents grew up. Everything from the newsreel at the start of the movie on Kane s life lucifers about precisely to that of Hearst s life. Kane ran many newspapers, had a well-publicized matter, tried to be elected to office, was wholly careless with his money, and built himself a pleasance castle called Xanadu. Hearst besides did all of these things over the class of his life-time, which farther leads people to be convinced that Hearst full life narrative was the purposes of Welles. After the gap newsreel, the film goes through the boyhood scenes of Kane s life where Thatcher takes him from his household. The film so rapidly displacements to when Kane is about to inherit his private luck. Thatcher is concerned that Kane will non cognize his topographic point in the universe ; his frights are affirmed when he receives a telegram signifier Kane stating that he would wish to run a little newspaper, the Morning Inquirer. Hearst s father owned a newspaper, The Examiner, which Hearst took over to seek and reform the deceasing paper. Both Hearst and Kane begin to instantly revolutionise everything about their documents. Kane makes it rather clear that, from now on, it was traveling to describe all the intelligence, big or little. Hearst did the same thing, doing his paper take on undignified subjects. Here is where a authoritative similarity is shown ; Kane about wholly quotes Hearst precisely. Kane exclaims: You supply the prose and verse form, I ll provide the war which was a wire that Kane sent to a adult male in Cuba. Hearst was really anti-Spanish during the Cuban revolution ; this war would hold neer been fought if it were non due to his attempts to get down it. Hearst would make anything for a headline, in which he would do up falsified narratives. In the following scene, Thatcher references to Kane his tremendous losingss, which have totaled to over one million dollars for the twelvemonth, which is a reeling amount to be lost by one individual. Kane nevertheless laughed it off as a gag, noting that at that rate he ll have to shut down in 60 old ages. All of these things were features of Hearst every bit good. Hearst threw money off as though it literally grew on trees to him. A adult male with an income of 15 million a twelvemonth had no nest eggs and sometimes had to borrow money from others, as did Kane. Right after taking over the Inquirer, Kane ordered the editor to play up the less of import narratives of the newspaper. The sort of things the state wanted to see and read approximately, non merely tiring old intelligence. Kane so became more involved in the paper and realized that he wanted his chief rival staff from the Chronicle. He bribed these work forces with big amounts of hard currency to travel to his paper. These tactics were really similar Hearst manoeuvres in many ways. Hearst loved to embroider and overstate the intelligence to acquire a better response and circulation. Hearst was besides co nstantly stealing talented correspondents from other newspapers. Hearst besides paid people any wage without attention, because money was no issue for him. The following scene opens with Leland, one of Kane s merely friends. Leland explained how no 1 could understand Kane because of the contradictions in his life and his beliefs. Leland explained how Kane was a steadfast truster in jurisprudence and authorities, but he stated that he did non see how either applied to him. Hearst was improbably egomaniac and besides shared the same beliefs as Kane did. Both were in changeless struggle with themselves. This trait is one that Kane played out to full consequence in the film. Both were besides steadfast trusters in their ain power. There is one thing nevertheless, that Kane wanted in life, that was love, but it was besides the one thing he neer found. He wanted people to love him merely as those did on his newspaper staff and went about doing it true by running for governor on an independent ticket. Hearst sought public office to, which was the governor of New York on an independent ticket. Both work forces used dirty and opprobrious candidacy methods, portraying their oppositions to be villains. Both in the film and in Hearst life, the household compulsion of running a newspaper began to fade out. Kane left the newspaper to be run by his work forces and did Hearst besides did that excessively. Both work forces were besides defeated in running for governor. The film so shifts to Susan Alexander s portraiture of Kane as her ain personal aspiration mill. Whatever she was missing, Kane supplied it for her and set his psyche into endorsing her, even though she was a awful vocalist. Hearst did the same for Davies, doing each film a greater victory for her. Davies was nevertheless talented, unlike Susan, but there was adequate similarities between the two adult females. The adult females were both vocalists, both loved saber saw mystifiers, and both were in well-publicized personal businesss. Both Kane and Hearst pushed and pushed their kept womans to their breakage point and ran their lives wholly. Kane so decided to get down edifice Xanadu, for them, a mammoth palace with mammoth animate beings from all over the universe. Hearst built San Simeon for them, which included a menagerie. Hearst nevertheless was genuinely devoted to Davies, unlike that of Kane and Susan. Finally in one of the last scenes, with Kane s pantryman s point of position, come two more similarities between the two work forces. At this point in clip in the film Kane flies into this violent fury when Susan decides to go forth him ; he goes into her room and begins to destruct everything that he can. Kane was a aggregator of everything ; he neer threw a thing out, and was ever purchasing something new. Hearst had similar piques and eccentric traits. Hearst would destruct 1000s of dollars worth of old-timers he owned, in a tantrum of fury and choler. He so would pass 100s on 1000s of dollars in replacing what he broke. Hearst besides was one who neer threw anything out. The film closed with the scene of the declaration of the rosebud mystifier. Among the multitudes of debris that Kane collected, laid a bantam wooden sled, the one from the twenty-four hours that Kane was taken from his female parent, which is seen being hauled off and thrown into the fire. Upon closer scrutiny, the word rosebud can be made out, as it is easy burned to nil. Now taking into history the grounds that was merely presented in the above paper, it is really clear to see that Orson Welles based the film Citizen Kane around the life of William Randolph Hearst, a fact that did non upset Hearst at all. However, Welles claimed that he had no purpose on his film being about person. Welles stated that the film was non based upon the life of Mr. Hearst or anyone else. Orson Welles unfavorable judgment of Hearst was the manner he went about acquiring what he wanted, utilizing his immense powers over the people of his state, to derive more personal power for himself. This subject is portrayed so strongly, in Citizen Kane. The film brought out that Hearst wanted love, but non merely the love of a few, but besides the love of all. Although Hearst was non a loveless monster like Kane was portrayed to be, he did nevertheless hold many mistakes, one being that he believed that he could purchase love. In decision, Orson Welles directed, helped compose, and starred in one of the greatest movies of all times, which had one sole intent. The intent of this film was to denounce Hearst and all work forces who were opprobrious with their power and public trust. Why did Welles pass so much clip and attempt on this one adult male s life? It was because Hearst, for his evident love for all people, was merely seeking to acquire power and love for himself by mistreating the most powerful arm of his twenty-four hours, the free imperativeness.

Free Essays on Orsi Vs. Budapest

â€Å"Orsi vs. Budapest† I think that there are similarities in the way in which Orsi and Z Budapest look at the religious beliefs of women and how this intertwines with their daily lives. I find that this is an intriguing idea and would like to compare and contrast Orsi’s ideas with those of Z Budapest. I think that both Orsi and Budapest have similarities in the fact that both address what women are looking for in a religion, what they want, need and hope for. However their ideas on what this may be differ. Because although both ideas are symbolic and give women a sense of control, one sees women as those who make sacrifices and one sees them as the dominant group who, actually may make sacrifices, but they are sacrifices of a different sort. Z Budapest founded Dianic Wicca for women as the religion for some feminists. This division of Wicca is only for women and has a sacred story that empowers women. Basically the whole religion empowers women, giving them a special symbolic connection with the divine just for being female and the ability to manipulate things by doing magic, thus placing them (not men) in control of things. I think women at that time, in the past and in fact at all times now and throughout history would like to be more in control of things and have more power to shape their own destinies. Similarly, Orsi’s ideas about the cult of St. Jude allows women to feel a special connection with a St. and in some way allows them (not men) a little control of things because if they just pray to St. Jude (Hope of the hopeless) their prayers will be answered. St. Jude doesn't seem to place any stipulation on what kinds of prayers will be answered so interestingly enough this parallels magic. The fact that many of St. Jude’s devotees and many of the goddess’s devotees worship at an alter and have religious tokens is interesting. It seems that worshipping at an alter whether it be Catholic or Wicca brings with it a s... Free Essays on Orsi Vs. Budapest Free Essays on Orsi Vs. Budapest â€Å"Orsi vs. Budapest† I think that there are similarities in the way in which Orsi and Z Budapest look at the religious beliefs of women and how this intertwines with their daily lives. I find that this is an intriguing idea and would like to compare and contrast Orsi’s ideas with those of Z Budapest. I think that both Orsi and Budapest have similarities in the fact that both address what women are looking for in a religion, what they want, need and hope for. However their ideas on what this may be differ. Because although both ideas are symbolic and give women a sense of control, one sees women as those who make sacrifices and one sees them as the dominant group who, actually may make sacrifices, but they are sacrifices of a different sort. Z Budapest founded Dianic Wicca for women as the religion for some feminists. This division of Wicca is only for women and has a sacred story that empowers women. Basically the whole religion empowers women, giving them a special symbolic connection with the divine just for being female and the ability to manipulate things by doing magic, thus placing them (not men) in control of things. I think women at that time, in the past and in fact at all times now and throughout history would like to be more in control of things and have more power to shape their own destinies. Similarly, Orsi’s ideas about the cult of St. Jude allows women to feel a special connection with a St. and in some way allows them (not men) a little control of things because if they just pray to St. Jude (Hope of the hopeless) their prayers will be answered. St. Jude doesn't seem to place any stipulation on what kinds of prayers will be answered so interestingly enough this parallels magic. The fact that many of St. Jude’s devotees and many of the goddess’s devotees worship at an alter and have religious tokens is interesting. It seems that worshipping at an alter whether it be Catholic or Wicca brings with it a s...

Smokers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smokers - Essay Example The government has a mandate of protecting its people. Young generation holds the future of these countries on their hands. As a result, every administration has a responsibility of protecting this generation. In an attempt to protect the whole population, these governments have come up with several measures that are aimed at reducing the exposure of the people to this kind of smoke (Callinan, Clarke & Kelleher 2010) The number of smokers in these countries is smaller compared to non-smokers. As a result, the governments are protecting the majority of the population through developing various strategies that will reduce the impact of cigarette smoke on the people. The smokers should stay outside the homes, restaurants and shops until they finish their activities. Although this will viewed as a way of segregating the smokers from the rest of the society, the move will play a significant role in preventing the younger generation from adopting the smoking behavior. Furthermore, it will protect the members of the public from the cigarette smoke. Some people are allergic to smoke (Great Britain, 2005). As a result, the government should create designated places where smokers can congregate and smoke freely without the fear of disturbing other people. This should be followed by strict rules and stiff penalties to all those who violates these laws. This is to ensure that bus stops, government buildings, social places, and the streets are safe for the people. Smoking in the open disturbs children and seniors. Many adapt this behavior because they feel that it is the right thing to do. Therefore, excluding the smokers to a particular place and making them pay for their behavior by staying away from other people while smoking will discourage the young people to stay away from the smoking behavior. The UK and US governments have implemented some of these measures, an aspect that has not augured well with the smokers. This is because they feel that the

No More Wars by Woodrow Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No More Wars by Woodrow Wilson - Essay Example Woodrow Wilsons succeded in convincing Europeans through his speech and fourteen points. As a result Germany stopped the war and surrendered within the next 10 months (Snell, 1954). In an interview conducted during the Paris Peace Conference held in 1919, Woodrow Wilson and Sir William Wiseman explained how Germany agreed to stop the war as a result of the famous speech and fourteen points. The speech highlighted the importance of democracy in bringing the losting peace in the Europe . Woodrow Wilson wanted to present United States as a role model before the rest of the world and it was this intention which made him present these fourteen points. He was of the opinion that the United State should not involve in war. He was a democratic person who had true feelings not only for the people of the United States but also for the whole world, who wanted peace in the world. He thought of the entire world that’s why he was a trustworthy person. People had belief and confidence in him and that is why the Fourteen Points given by him were admired by the people. He used this credibility and made an emotional appeal to the people by giving the Fourteen Points which were welcomed by the people. The logic which was used in his points was very clear about the peace and those were having a strong internal consistency, and the benefits of his points were very clear that if they follow his points, there will be no war in future. The speech was having emotions because at that time the people were fed up of war and they wanted peace and prosperity and the speech was based on the peace. The speech was accepted by the Germans and then by the Britian. The base of the speech was the world wide problem rather than based on just self interest. The address which is based on the Fourteen Points given by Wilson was a great help in betterment of his nation.

Leadership Essay A Good Leader

Leadership Essay A Good Leader The Qualities Of A Good Leader Introduction Leaders have an important role within an organisation related to its success, productivity and the performance of the employees. The fundamental task of a leader is to build and maintain a high performing team (Furnham, 2005, p.566). However, Yukl (2013, p.18) argues that there are numerous and diverse definitions concerning the concept of a leader as well as the term leadership, although a general consensus appears to suggest it involves a process of influencing and guiding relationships within an organisation . Guirdham (2002, p.15) emphasises the importance of leaders having good interpersonal and communication skills, which as Yukl suggest involves the ability to persuade others. Yukl (2013, p.18) further states there are additional factors that contribute to good leadership such as the situational context and the use of power. Another issue regarding the characteristics of leaders is that many theories and models have been based on Western perspectives (House and Aditya, 1997, p.409) and typically based on research with white males (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, CIPD, 2008, p.7). There is some cultural crossover in servant leadership, which according to Northouse (2013, p.219), was originally proposed by Greenleaf in the 1970s, and also has origins in ancient Eastern and Western philosophies; for example, it is deeply embedded in Arab-Islamic culture (Sarayrah, 2004, p.59). A further concern is raised by Mullins (2008, p.265) who states that determining who is a good leader is a subjective judgement and cannot be based, for example, on financial performance alone. The aim of the following essay is to investigate whether certain characteristics are related to good leadership and which can be identified in theories and models of leadership such as trait theory, transformational and charismatic leadership as well as authentic and servant leadership. Finally, there will be a brief discussion regarding interpersonal characteristics such as emotional intelligence and communication skills. Theories and Models of Leadership Trait Theories Trait theories of leadership proposed that successful leaders possessed distinctive traits or characteristics that differentiated them from unsuccessful leaders and subordinates. As Northouse (2013, p.7) mentions there are common phrases in use in society such as he was born to be a leader or she is a natural leader which suggest that people tend to think good leaders are born and not trained. The concept of leaders having certain characteristics dominated research prior to the Second World War. It was thought that individuals could be selected for leadership positions if they showed the appropriate characteristics or alternatively that traits could be taught to leaders (Furnham, 2005, p.571). Popular books, such as Stephen Coveys book, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, propose that certain traits or characteristics can be learned. Covey (2004, p.46) states that our character, basically, is a composite of our habits. Covey continues saying that habits are consistent, can be learned or unlearned and express an individuals character and how effective or ineffective they are (Covey, 2004, p.46). Covey suggests that effective people are proactive, have a clarity regarding their life-goals, manage themselves, value and respect other people, are empathic and encourage positive teamwork (Covey, 2004, p.65). The seventh habit involves taking time to sharpen the saw which Covey translates as meaning time to refresh physical, spiritual, psychological and socio-emotional dimensions of a persons character (Covey, 2004, pp.287-288). A number of characteristics and traits related to good leaders have been identified; for example, Smith and Foti (1998, p.147) undertook a study investigating the characteristics of emergent leaders and found that the traits of dominance, intelligence and self-efficacy were significantly higher in emergent leaders than other individuals who were not classified as emergent leaders. According to Furnham (2005, p.572), good leaders usually possess characteristics such as persistence, innovation and a willingness to take responsibility for their actions. Yukl (2013, p.146) similarly identifies certain characteristics related to good leaders which include a high tolerance of stress, emotional maturity, personal integrity, motivation and self-confidence. However, Furnham (2005, p.574) suggests that although there are numerous traits, there appears to be little agreement regarding which characteristics contribute to a leader being effective. According to Zaccaro, (2007, p.6) trait theories are not able to explain how leaders characteristics adapt to different situations and contexts and thus a major criticism of trait theories is that they do not consider the wider context of culture, society or the interactions with the characteristics of subordinates (Zaccaro, 2007, p.7). Examining the characteristics of good leaders implies that leaders innately possess certain personality traits although it could be suggested that some good leaders can learn through experience (Bryman, Collinson, Grint, Jackson and Uhl-Bien, 2011, p.78). The notion that good leaders can learn skills through a dynamic learning experience is supported by other researchers; for example, Rodd (2006, p.13) proposes that practitioners within the Early Years profession can become leaders through demonstrating increasing competence and by developing the personal skills necessary to become a leader. Daly and Byers (2004, p.7) suggest that good leaders will also ensure that employees have the opportunity for training and professional development which in turn may help them to become good leaders. Kolb (1984, p.25) similarly supports the idea of learning leadership skills through experience and suggests that learning involves a constant change of ideas, perspectives and opinions which are not fixed and thoughts are formed and reformed through experience and continually modified by experience. The importance of having a flexible approach is emphasised by Daly and Byers (2004, p.187) ensuring that the leader is adaptable and can implement new ideas or procedures when necessary. Even early theorists such as Taylor (1911, p.7) argued that good leaders are not born and required systematic training instead of being reliant on some unusual or extraordinary man. It is further argued by Zaccaro (2007, p.10) that because being a good leader is complex there is probably an interaction of the leaders characteristics as well as an interaction with the variables present in different situations and contexts. Theories such as Fiedlers contingency theory (Fiedler 1967, cited in Northouse, 2013, pp.123-125) were developed primarily with leaders in the military and focused on how compatible the characteristics and style of the leader were with a specific situation. Thus, effective leadership is contingent on matching a leaders style to the right setting (Northouse, 2013, p.123). A problem with both trait theories and contingency theories is that they appear to focus on the characteristics of the leader and do not consider the characteristics of, the interactions with, or the role of, subordinates. Contingency theory does not explain why some leaders are better in certain situations than other leaders and also how organisations deal with a mismatch between leaders and certain situations (Northouse, 2013, p.129). Transactional and Transformational Leaders Furnham (2005, p.588) suggests that transactional leadership can be defined as a contract between the leader and a worker where the leader achieves what they want by offering some sort of reward which is desired by the employee. There is typically a limited relationship between the leader as in certain situations (for example in the military) transactional leadership is necessary as certain actions need to be undertaken without subordinates questioning or debating issues (Bass and Bass, 2008, p.41; Bryman et al. 2011, p.55). Transactional leadership does not appear to be concerned with the characteristics of leaders and is more concerned with creating structures and systems which allow the sharing of information (Bryman et al. 2011, p.61). Transactional leadership depends on contingency reinforcement which means the subordinate understands that a reward will be received when performance goals are achieved (Bass and Riggio, 2006, p.8). Transformational leadership developed from the foundations of transactional leadership with four further characteristics namely; charisma and idealised influence which indicates that the leader is admired, respected, and trusted; inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and consideration towards individual workers (Bass, Avolio, Jung and Berson, 2003, p.208; McKenna, 2005, p.411). By showing an interest in the personal development of followers there can be a subsequent increase in performance and productivity as well as creativity and innovation subordinates can often be creative which can then have an impact on the competitive advantage of the company (Bass, et al 2003,p.208). Bass and Bass (2006, p.41) also suggest that transformational leaders usually believe and support the goals of the organisation and are able to articulate the goals to subordinates and engage their support and commitment. Other characteristics identified in transformational leaders is that they show consistent behaviour and tend to have a strong focus on integrity, ethical principles and values together with being flexible and able to adapt to change (Judge and Piccolo, 2004, p.755). McKenna (2005, p.408) states that transformational leaders have characteristics such as vision and are able to motivate and inspire subordinates to share their vision. As Sir John Harvey-Jones, MBE, who was the chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries from 1982 to 1987 and has recently helped failing business shown in a BBC television programme called Troubleshooter states:- The vision is absolutely key to getting your troops together. It has to be qualitative, daring and grab the imagination. The test of it should be how quickly people will latch on to where you are going†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (cited in Mullins, 2008, p.261). The characteristics of transformational leaders are important in an organisation because they are viewed as a more effective leadership style than transactional leadership for example. Bass and Riggio (2008, p.10) suggest that many subordinates are very loyal to transformational leaders and are committed to the organisation so productivity increases and improves which Bass and Riggio (2008, p.10) suggest is one way of demonstrating the efficiency of the leader. The characteristics of transactional and transformational leaders are not mutually exclusive and there may be occasions when a leader has to show transactional characteristics as well as transformational characteristics. An example is cited by Bass and Bass (2008, p.51) which states that famous leaders such as John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln displayed characteristics of both transactional and transformational leaders. Transactional leadership, for example, has been found to be more effective in a well-ordered, stable environment whereas transformational leadership is suitable in organisations that are changing rapidly such as in times of financial upheaval (McKenna, 2006, p.418). Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders As discussed previously, one characteristic of transformational leaders is charisma (Bass, et al. 2003, p.216) although there are some leaders who are characterised as being so charismatic that they are referred to as charismatic leaders. Chio (2006, p.24) defines charismatic leaders as having three additional, core characteristics which are an ability to predict future trends and be visionary; being a creative thinker, and showing empathy and empowering colleagues. According to House, 1977, (cited in McKenna, 2006, p.411) charismatic leaders can motivate subordinates to perform effectively without having to invoke their position of power; they have a vision and the ability to convince subordinates to support that vision. Further characteristics include determination, energy, self-confidence and ability; in addition they are not afraid to be unconventional (McKenna, 2006, p.411). Although charismatic leaders are unusual and exceptional in the business world, Hellriegel and Slocum (2007, p.240) use as an example Richard Branson who demonstrates the characteristic of both a transformational and a charismatic leader. Branson is characterised as someone who is prepared to follow his instincts and take risks, venturing into new territories (Boje and Smith, 2010, p.308). Branson has a flair for being slightly eccentric and is not afraid of being unconventional which Choi, as discussed previously, describes as a characteristic of charismatic leadership. Branson makes a clear statement about his company, Virgin, as being different, colourful, iconoclastic and fun-loving (Crainer and Dearlove, 2008, p.43). Bransons character appears to reflect the character of his company; for example, he appeared dressed as a Virgin bride and also abseiled down a skyscraper to promote his company (Business Pundit, 2011, n/p). The CIPD (2008, p.8) report that there is some dislike for the celebrity-like focus on so-called charismatic leaders. In the US a study investigated fifty-nine CEOs of Fortune 500 companies and investigated the link between charisma and performance over a ten year period and found there was no relationship (Tosi et al. 2004, cited in CIPD, 2008 p.8). A criticism made by Alvesson and Spicer (2010, p.9) claims that by endowing leaders with characteristics such as charisma, gives them a heroic and unselfish quality which enables them to persuade followers to pursue goals almost unquestioningly. Furthermore, Alvesson and Spicer (2010, p.64) maintain that some transformational leaders can be perceived as saint-like. Chio (2006, p.37) claims that frequently the positive aspects of charismatic leadership are emphasised and dysfunctional characteristics, such as the abuse of power, are often minimised. Chio (2006, p.36) reports that there can be very strong emotional bonds between a charismatic leader and their subordinates and in certain situations individuals may sacrifice themselves for the sake of the group to maintain harmonious relationships with others (Triandis, 1995, cited in Chio, 2006, p.36). Thus charismatic leaders can use their influence malignantly; for example, there have been reports of charismatic leaders of religious sects who are able to persuade followers to commit mass suicide. The CIPD (2008, p.8) also report on the dark-side of charisma and suggest that although some leaders may superficially appear charismatic they hide undesirable characteristics such as dishonesty and greed. By the time such characteristics are discovered the organisation and employees may have suffered irreparable harm. Research undertaken by Collins (2001, cited in CIPD, 2008, p.8) investigated common characteristics in US companies quoted on the Stock Exchange whose performance was outstanding. The findings indicated that common characteristics included an unshakable belief in their company and also a deep personal humility. These CEOs were not at all charismatic and appeared to be quite unassuming. Collins also noted that failing companies had a CEO with a gargantuan ego causing the company to fail (Collins 2001, cited in CIPD, 2008, p.8). Interpersonal Characteristics of Leaders. Characteristics of Authentic Leaders As discussed in the previous sections there have been concerns regarding unscrupulous leaders; for example, although they may appear to be charismatic they may in fact have exploitative motives (Bass and Riggio, 2008, p.5). Consequently there is a desire for leaders who are genuine and authentic (Bass and Riggio, 2008, p.xii). There appears to be some parallels between authentic leaders and servant leaders although currently there is limited research in this area according to Northouse (2013, p.235). Servant leadership focuses on the empathic characteristics of a leader towards subordinates and nurturing each employees talents and potential which is beneficial for the organisation (Northouse, 2013, p.233). Servant leadership proposes that leaders want to serve others and emphasises the altruistic characteristics of leaders who are focused on the needs of their subordinates (Greenleaf, 1977, cited in Northouse, 2013, p.219). The characteristic of the servant leader are numerous and the underlying principles involve the way in which the leader treats subordinates in terms of honesty and treating them fairly. A successful relationship between the servant leader and followers is a two-way process and followers must be accepting of the principles of empowerment and the opportunity to grow. A characteristic of leaders which seems to be related to good leadership is emotional intelligence. Goleman (1998, p.317) defines emotional intelligence as the capacity for recognising our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves and for managing emotions in ourselves and in our relationships. Emotional intelligence involves five key factors; self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills (Goleman, 1998, p.9). It is argued that emotional intelligence is of benefit to leaders as it contributes to an awareness of their own emotions and how to regulate them as well as recognising emotions in others and having the social skills necessary to deal with other peoples emotions (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee, 2001, n/p). Guirdham (2002, p.545) suggests that there are certain qualities that followers look for in leaders and that a leader does not automatically gain the respect from subordinates. However, such qualities vary with different situations and the type of subordinates who are expected to follow. Gaining acceptance as a leader is also more difficult where there is prejudice concerning gender, race and ethnic group, and disability. Guirdham (2002, p.545) states that in general to be accepted by subordinates the characteristics of the leader need to include knowledge, competence, status, identification with the group, motivation, being proactive in promoting the groups goals and good communication skills. As Sir John Harvey says:- You only get a company going where you want it to by leadership by example and by honest and endless communication (cited in Mullins 2008, p.261). Communication appears to be a very important characteristic of a good leader together with interpersonal relationships which is also related to emotional intelligence as discussed previously. It has been found that directive, coherent and positive communication is an effective style for leaders (Guirdham, 2002, p.550). However, other characteristics are also necessary such as trust, the way in which leaders try to persuade or influence followers and the way in which subordinates are encouraged to participate in decision making. Conclusion It can be seen from the evidence presented that identifying the characteristics of a good manager is a complex task as there are many different traits or personality characteristics involved. Additionally characteristics cannot be identified in isolation and the situation or context must also be considered. Early research, for example trait theories, focused on the leader and did not consider the role or characteristics of the subordinates. This would appear to be relevant in contemporary society as employees are more empowered than they were in the past and are therefore less likely to blindly follow a leader. Transformational and charismatic theories of leadership identify many positive qualities in leaders; however, there is the issue identified by many researchers of deceitful leaders who can cause a company to collapse as in the case of Enron and other similar examples. The characteristics of a leader need to be genuine and authentic and the theoretical perspective of servant leadership emphasises the caring aspect of leaders towards their followers. Typically servant leaders are altruistic and are concerned about the well-being of others. There are a number of characteristics which appear to be more important than others although it is difficult to isolate only a few. However, one characteristic that does seem to be high on the list for good leaders is good communication and interpersonal skills (Guirdham, 2002, p.550). References Alvesson, M. and Spicer, A. (2010). Metaphors we Lead by: Understanding Leadership in the Real World. London: Routledge. Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J., Jung, D.I. and Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing Transformational and Transactional leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 ,207-218. Bass, B.M. and Bass, R. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications (4th Ed) New York, NY: Free Press. Bass, B.M. and Riggio, R.E. (2006). Transformational Leadership (2nd Ed), Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., New Jersey. Boje, D. and Smith, R. (2010). Re-storying and visualising the changing entrepreneurial identities of Bill Gates and Richard Branson, Culture and Organisation,16(4), 307-331 Bono, J.E. and Judge, T.E. (2004). Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 89(5) 901–910 Bryman,A., Collinson, D., Grint, K., Jackson, B. and Uhl-Bien, M. (2011). The Sage Handbook of Leadership. London: Sage. Business Pundit (2011). Retrieved on 10/10/2014 from: http://www.businesspundit.com/10-greatest-virgin-pr-stunts-of-all-time/ Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD, 2008). Engaging Leadership: Creating Organisations that Maximize the Potential of their People. London, CIPD. Choi, J. (2006) A Motivational Theory of Charismatic Leadership: EnvisioningEmpathy, and Empowerment, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 13, 24-43. Covey, S.R. (2004). The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. Crainer, S. and Dearlove, D. (2008). The heart of leadership, Business Strategy Review, The London Business School, (Autumn), 41-45. Daly, M., Byers, E. and Taylor, W. (2004). Early Years Management in Practice: A Handbook for Early Years Managers. Oxford Heinmann Education. Furnham, A. (2005). The Psychology of Behaviour at Work. East Sussex UK: Psychology Press. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A. (2001). Primal Leadership: The Hidden Driver of Great Performance. Harvard Business Review, 44-51 retrieved on 9/10/2014 from: http://hbr.org/2001/12/primal-leadership-the-hidden-driver-of-great-performance/ar/1 Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Guirdham, M. (2002) Interactive Behaviour at Work (3rd Edition) Essex UK: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Hellriegel, D. and Slocum, J.W. (2007) Organisational Behaviour (11th edition) Thomson South-Western. House, R.J. and Aditya, R.N. (1997). The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis? Journal of Management, 23(3), 409-473. Judge, T.A. and Piccolo, R.F. (2004) Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity Journal of Applied Psychology 89(5) 755-768 Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. McKenna, E. (2006) Business Psychology and Organisational Behaviour, 4th edition New York: Psychology Press. Mullins, L.J. (2008). Essentials of Organisational Behaviour. (2nd edition). Essex, UK: Prentice Hall. Northouse, G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. London: Sage. Rodd, J. (2006). Leadership in Early Childhood, 3rd Edition. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press. Sarayrah, Y.K. (2004). Servant leadership in the Bedouin-Arab culture. Global Virtual Ethics Review, 5(3), 58-79. Smith, J.A. and Foti, R.J. (1998). A pattern approach to the study of leader emergence. The Leadership Quarterly, 9(2), 147-160 Taylor, F.W. (1911). Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper Brothers Publishers. Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organizations (8th edition). London: Pearson Education Zaccaro, S.J. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62, 6-16.

Investigation on Enzymes :: Papers

Investigation on Enzymes Introduction Sam and Sarah planned and carried out an experiment to see the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme amylase which breaks down starch into sugar. They decided to investigate 5 different pH's 2,4,6,8 and 10. 1. The used a measuring cylinder to measure out 5cm3 of starch and placed it in a test tube. They then added acid or alkali until they got to pH2. They checked this using indicator paper 2. They placed the test tube in a rack on the bench and added 5cm3 of amylase which they had also measured using a measuring cylinder. 3. Immediately, they took out a drop of the mixture and placed it on a spotting tile which had 2 drops of Iodine in it. They repeated this every 30 seconds until they knew all of the starch had been broken down, so they stopped. 4. They then repeated the experiment at the different pHs'. 5. They did the experiment 3 times for each pH Aim Sam and Sarah planned to discover the effects of pH on the activity of the enzyme amylase which breaks down starch into sugar. Prediction I predict that the pH that the enzyme will work best at is 8 because amylase is mostly found in the mouth and salivary glands. This area is normally slightly alkaline, so the pH that this enzyme would most likely work best at would be 8. Table pH 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Time (Min) 17 15 15 9 8.5 8.5 7 8 8 6 5.5 5 9

Widespread use of renewable energy

The first oil daze in 1973 raised worldwide concern about dwindling energy supplies. High oil monetary value was a mark of depletion worldwide energy beginnings. Since 1960s no large oil resources have been discovered in the universe. It suggested that universe oil production will make its extremum within one or two decennaries ( Lauber, 2005 ) . The rise in oil monetary values besides affected the developing states ‘ development programs, which demand big sums of energy for their early procedure of industrialisation. For developed states, the fluctuation in oil monetary values caused economic and societal jobs such as unemployment, trade shortages and higher rising prices due to their great dependence on oil import ( Seitz, 2008 ) . Since the industrialised revolution the ingestion of universe energy has been uninterrupted. With the modern-day universe population growing, energy demand is lifting at a rapid rate, particularly in many developing states with a deficiency of reso urces on their ain land. It is predicted that between 1997 and 2020 energy demand will increase 60 per centum, 120 per centum growing will happen in developing states, particularly in Asia ( Hill, 2004 ) . If this tendency continued, the environmental jobs would necessarily deteriorate even farther. As a considerable proportion of the universe energy, fossil fuels account for the premier beginnings of C dioxide emanations, which are chief subscribers to the planetary heating. Acid rain concentrated by acerb gases from fossil fuels, amendss ecosystems and corrodes human edifices. It is going a terrible job in Asia with the turning ingestion of fossil fuels as the procedure of industrialisation accelerates ( Seitz, 2008 ) . The quickly spread outing usage of gasoline-powered vehicles could do terrible urban smog and spit little particulates, which are the greatest menace to people ‘s wellness ( Jaccard, 2005 ) . Sanderson and Islam ( 2007 ) maintain that the way of economic development necessarily caused environmental jobs related to the overly usage of environmental resources and clime can besides impact some sectors of the economic system such as H2O resources, agribusiness, conv eyance and touristry, which are vulnerable to climate alteration. In general there are three major solutions for the turning energy demand and world-wide environmental jobs, each of which has its attractive forces. First fossil fuels can be used more cleanly and expeditiously, which could lend to a decrease in energy strength and cut down the emanations of nursery gases. Energy preservation can take consequence in short term and straight execute on present energy system without great passage. The economic system in the United States increased 30 per centum while the oil ingestion declined 20 per centum between 1977 and 1985 because the state used energy much more expeditiously ( Seitz, 2008 ) . Second, atomic power emits no air pollution which could greatly turn to the environmental jobs. France shifted to atomic as its major power of electricity in response to the energy crisis, and by 2005 it reached one of the universe highest rates by supplying 80 per centum of its electricity from atomic beginning ( ibid ) . Third renewable energy involves uni nterrupted energy beginnings and produces small pollution to the environment. There is immense potency in this new energy beginnings to run into much of the turning energy demand and bit by bit replace fossil fuels with equal support ( Middleton, 2003 ) . For every bit long as the planetary economic system continues to development and operate on the footing of limited energy supplies, the great demand for energy services in the hereafter would do terrible energy crisis. Increasing energy efficiency can assist to countervail the rise in energy demand, but it is improbable to turn to all the extra demands ( ibid ) . Furthermore, the environmental taint caused by fossil fuels will go on to necessitate options. Lauber ( 2005 ) maintains that while the present cost of salvaging one ton of C by increasing energy efficiency is well lower than by utilizing renewable energy to avoid emanations, renewable power will play a function in the long tally, energy efficiency can merely work out short term job. Besides the safety and atomic waste jobs, a important growing in atomic power usage would increase trust on imported U. Dependence on energy imports would still be a first job for states with a deficiency of resources. In add-on, the atomic begi nnings besides face energy crisis as it is shown that the known militias of U will merely last for 60 old ages by present counts. ( Traube, 2004, cited Lauber, 2005 ) . Therefore, renewable energy seems to be a better option based on its two outstanding advantages: infinite beginnings and small pollution. Renewable energy may be defined as energy generated from natural resources in the environment such as sunshine, air current, tides and geothermic heat, which are continuously replenished. Harmonizing to the definition renewable energy will ne'er run out. For this ground, renewable energy could be an ideal solution to the energy deficit job. Additionally, renewable energy does non bring forth pollution straight, which will relieve the serious planetary environmental impairment. Renewable energy is really already in widespread usage: approximately 20 per centum of universe ‘s electricity production comes from hydroelectric dikes ; in many developing states biomass provides the lone power for cookery and warming ; India and China both have primary air current power electricity programs, with 2,000 megawatt marks ; Some Middle Eastern states are seeking to research the H production powered by solar energy as a long-run option to dependence on exporting oil ; The large-scale federal authorities in the United States received increasing R & A ; D support for renewable energy after the 1974 oil daze ( Elliott, 1997 ) . The widespread usage of renewable energy in many states clearly shows that the publicity of renewable energy engineerings provides great advantages for both rich and hapless states. In industrialised states, solar or weave energy necessitate extremely skilled and knowledge-intensive employers, which will be an drift to a new occupation hunting inclination. Using biomass with more efficient engineerings for cookery and warming in developing states where the biomass is normally used inefficiently and prodigally can convey big benefits such as a decrease in deforestation. Examples are the widespread usage of improved wood and wood coal cooking ranges in Kenya every bit good as the production of ethyl alcohol from sugar cane in Brazil ( Aˆmann, Laumanns and Uh, 2006 ) . However, â€Å" one renewable beginning may bring forth small or no pollution, but have other inauspicious environmental and societal consequence † ( Hill, 2004, p.325 ) . Hydroelectric dikes generate low nursery gas emanations but affect both up- and down-stream ecosystems and coerce many people who live along the river into taking from their places. Solar power does non bring forth direct pollution. During the procedure of fabrication and transporting solar panels, energy storage and keeping machines, nevertheless, pollution will be generated. Renewable energy has to confront three challenges in its practical application. First, the beginnings of energy are non uninterrupted. For illustration solar power can non be accumulated at dark and lupus erythematosus is generated on cloudy or showery yearss with small sunshine ( Hill, 2004 ) . The job with air current power is that the air current may non be blowing when and where it is needed. Therefore the large-scale storage of solar and weave energy is necessary and needs both proficient and fiscal support. Second, renewable energy has comparatively low energy denseness. Take the instance of solar energy, to run into the big energy demand, big countries of land are required to be covered with solar panels. Harmonizing to the US Electric Power Research Institute, to run into 25 per centum of America ‘s electricity demand about 6000 square stat mis of solar farms, an country peers to the Connecticut State, are needed ( Hill, 2004 ) . Biomass energy will confront the same ch allenge. Large land countries used for biomass energy demand to stay forested. This could do land-use struggles because the important growing of the universe ‘s population will necessitate increasing nutrient production and more land dedicated to agribusiness. There is a tradeoff between the two methods of land usage ( Jaccard, 2005 ) . The 3rd challenge involves inconvenient location of power workss. Large-scale solar power workss need to be located in countries with plentiful and long-time sunshine. The best air current power need the energy sites with reliable and strong air currents. These locations are normally far from energy ingestion centres. Transporting the power to clients requires substructures and complicated power line organisation. Peoples normally do non desire power lines near their places or schools and a deficiency of transporting substructures are all obstructions to the existent feasibleness. There are besides political and finicky barriers to the acceptance of renewable energy system. Many authoritiess prefer conventional fossil fuels to renewable energy â€Å" due to tradition, acquaintance, and the size, economic strength, and political clout of the conventional energy industries † ( Geller, 2002, p. 43 ) . In developing states loans for building renewable energy undertakings have been rejected by the World Bank and many-sided development Bankss due to their little undertaking graduated table, strangeness with the engineerings and higher investing hazard ( Martinot, 2001, cited in Geller, 2002 ) . In decision, despite those barriers and disadvantages, the widespread usage of renewable energy meets the demands of sustainable development in a long term. Whether in footings of increasing energy efficiency, switching to atomic power or developing renewable energy beginnings, the future effects can non be evitable. Even though renewable power engineerings were in most instances non to the full competitory commercially and the switch to renewable energy system will take a long period, their costs had the possible to fall quickly, and by 2020 should be able to surpass fossil fuels ( Lauber, 2005 ) . Nuclear power was evaluated as being more expensive than renewable energy and as keeping small opportunity of cost decreases in the hereafter. At the present phase different beginnings should be used together and the development of renewable energy should be given more accent.MentionsAˆmann, Dirk, Laumanns, Ulrich and Uh, Dieter ( 2006 ) Renewable Energy: a planetary reappraisal of en gineerings, policies and markets London: Sterling, VA: Earthscan.Elliott, D. ( 1997 ) Energy, Society and Environment: Technology for a Sustainable Future. New York: Routledge.Geller, Howard ( 2002 ) Energy Revolution: Policies for a Sustainable Future. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Hill, Marquita K. ( 2004 ) Understanding Environmental Pollution ( 2nd ed. ) . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Jaccard, Mark Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Sustainable fossil fuels: the unusual suspect in the pursuit for clean and digesting energy Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Jamie Sanderson and Sardar M.N. Islam ( 2007 ) Climate alteration and economic development: SEA regional modeling and analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Lauber, V. ( Ed. ) ( 2005 ) Switch overing to Renewable Power: A model for the twenty-first Century. London, GBR: Earthscan Publications.Middleton, Nick ( 2003 ) The planetary casino: an debut to environmental issues ( 3rd ed. ) London: Arnold.Seitz, J L ( 2008 ) Global Issues ( 3rd ed. ) . Blackwell: Malden MA ( USA ) .